Sources

Every citation used anywhere on this site — 67 of them — with a stable identifier and a label saying what kind of evidence it is, because “two case reports” and “a randomised trial” are different things and should not read the same.

Every PMID and DOI here is resolved against PubMed or Crossref on each build, and the returned title is compared with the citation printed below. A citation that does not resolve, or that turns out to describe a different paper, fails the build. That does not make our reading of a paper correct — it makes it impossible for a citation to be fabricated or to quietly rot.

What the evidence base actually consists of

Worth looking at before the list. Most of what is known about most of these compounds is case reports and animal work, and that is itself one of the most important facts on this site.

• 21 — Case reports
• 15 — Systematic reviews
• 6 — Reference works
• 5 — Product analysiss
• 5 — Randomised trials
• 4 — Animal studys
• 3 — Observational studys
• 3 — Laboratory studys
• 2 — Controlled trials
• 1 — Regulatory document
• 1 — Case series
• 1 — Poison-centre data

Full bibliography

1. Observational study, 2026. GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Brazil: Landscape of Consumption, Safety and Regulation. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. PMID 41796096
   Cited on Gray-market GLP-1s.
2. Systematic review, 2026. Tianeptine misuse and addiction: A systematic review of withdrawal, toxicity, and clinical management. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. PMID 42177839
   Cited on Tianeptine, Stopping tianeptine.
3. Systematic review, 2025. Effects of creatine supplementation on muscle strength gains — a meta-analysis and systematic review. PeerJ. PMID 41328071
   Cited on Creatine.
4. Product analysis, 2025. Evaluation of the unregulated online kratom market in two east-central European countries: test purchase and analysis of potential toxicological consequences. Harm Reduction Journal. PMID 41382258
   Cited on Kratom.
5. Systematic review, 2025. From kratom to 7-hydroxymitragynine: evolution of a natural remedy into a public-health threat. Pharmaceutical Biology. PMID 41275505
   Cited on Kratom, Stopping kratom.
6. Laboratory study, 2025. GW501516 facilitated tumor immune escape by inhibiting phagocytosis. European Journal of Pharmacology. PMID 39993702
   Cited on Cardarine.
7. Case report, 2025. Melanotan II nasal spray: a possible risk factor for oral mucosal malignant melanoma? International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. PMID 40210573
   Cited on Melanotan II.
8. Systematic review, 2025. Multifunctionality and Possible Medical Application of the BPC 157 Peptide — Literature and Patent Review. Pharmaceuticals. PMID 40005999
   Cited on BPC-157.
9. Systematic review, 2025. Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) Effects on Physical Performance: A Systematic Review of Randomized Control Trials. Clinical Endocrinology. PMID 39285652
   Cited on LGD-4033, Ostarine, RAD-140.
10. Case report, 2024. A Case of Phenibut Withdrawal Management and Detoxification Using Baclofen in the Outpatient Setting. Case Reports in Psychiatry. PMID 38993282
    Cited on Stopping phenibut.
11. Systematic review, 2024. A Systematic Review of Phenibut Withdrawals. Cureus. PMID 39376891
    Cited on Phenibut, Stopping phenibut.
12. Systematic review, 2024. An update on the clinical pharmacology of kratom: uses, abuse potential, and future considerations. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology. PMID 38217374
    Cited on Kratom, Stopping kratom.
13. Laboratory study, 2024. GW501516-Mediated Targeting of Tetraspanin 15 Regulates ADAM10-Dependent N-Cadherin Cleavage in Invasive Bladder Cancer Cells. Cells. PMID 38667323
    Cited on Cardarine.
14. Case report, 2024. LGD-4033 and a Case of Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Exploring the Clinical Implications of Off-Label Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator Use in Healthy Adults. Cureus. PMID 39421081
    Cited on LGD-4033.
15. Case report, 2024. Liver Injury after Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator Intake: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie. PMID 37871633
    Cited on Ostarine, RAD-140.
16. Product analysis, 2024. Multifactor Quality and Safety Analysis of Semaglutide Products Sold by Online Sellers Without a Prescription: Market Surveillance, Content Analysis, and Product Purchase Evaluation Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research. PMID 39509151
    Cited on Gray-market GLP-1s.
17. Case report, 2024. Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome Following Prenatal Use of Supplements Containing Tianeptine. Pediatrics. PMID 38213293
    Cited on Tianeptine, Stopping tianeptine.
18. Systematic review, 2024. Phenibut: A drug with one too many "buts". Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology. PMID 39197876
    Cited on Phenibut.
19. Systematic review, 2024. Phenibutan — an Illegal Food Supplement With Psychotropic Effects and Health Risks. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International. PMID 38377332
    Cited on Phenibut.
20. Regulatory document, 2024. US Food and Drug Administration. Tianeptine Products Linked to Serious Harm, Overdoses, Death. link
    Cited on Tianeptine, Stopping tianeptine.
21. Case series, 2023. Administration errors of compounded semaglutide reported to a poison control center — case series. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association. PMID 37392810
    Cited on Gray-market GLP-1s.
22. Observational study, 2023. An evaluation of adverse drug reactions and outcomes attributed to kratom in the US FDA Adverse Event Reporting System, January 2004 through September 2021. Clinical and Translational Science. PMID 36861661
    Cited on Kratom.
23. Case report, 2023. Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury related to use of novel selective androgen receptor modulator RAD140 (Testalone): a case report. Journal of Medical Case Reports. PMID 36978171
    Cited on RAD-140.
24. Systematic review, 2023. Is It Time for a Requiem for Creatine Supplementation-Induced Kidney Failure? A Narrative Review. Nutrients. PMID 36986197
    Cited on Creatine.
25. Case report, 2023. Toxidrome of an Easily Obtainable Nootropic: A Case Report of Phenibut Intoxication and Withdrawal Delirium. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. PMID 37930202
    Cited on Phenibut, Stopping phenibut.
26. Case report, 2022. Chronic Phenibut Use: Symptoms, Severe Withdrawal, and Recovery. WMJ. PMID 35442585
    Cited on Phenibut.
27. Case report, 2022. Drug-Induced Liver Injury Secondary to Enobosarm: A Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator. Journal of Medical Cases. PMID 35655632
    Cited on Ostarine.
28. Animal study, 2022. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and the central nervous system. Neural Regeneration Research. PMID 34380875
    Cited on BPC-157.
29. Case report, 2022. The risks of tanning with the Barbie drug. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde. PMID 35736369
    Cited on Melanotan II.
30. Systematic review, 2021. Kratom Abuse Potential 2021: An Updated Eight Factor Analysis. Frontiers in Pharmacology. PMID 35197848
    Cited on Kratom.
31. Case report, 2021. Psychomotor Agitation Non-responsive to Treatment: A Case Report of Phenibut Withdrawal Syndrome. Frontiers in Psychiatry. PMID 34262493
    Cited on Phenibut, Stopping phenibut.
32. Reference work, 2021. Sedative-Hypnotic Agents That Impact Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Receptors: Focus on Flunitrazepam, Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid, Phenibut, and Selank. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. PMID 34396551
    Cited on Phenibut.
33. Animal study, 2021. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Wound Healing. Frontiers in Pharmacology. PMID 34267654
    Cited on BPC-157.
34. Systematic review, 2020. Kratom Dependence and Treatment Options: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Current Drug Targets. PMID 32682371
    Cited on Kratom, Stopping kratom.
35. Case report, 2020. Ligandrol (LGD-4033)-Induced Liver Injury. ACG Case Reports Journal. PMID 32637435
    Cited on LGD-4033.
36. Product analysis, 2020. NMR reveals an undeclared constituent in custom synthetic peptides. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. PMID 31671336
    Cited on BPC-157, Gray-market GLP-1s, Melanotan II, MK-677.
37. Case report, 2019. Acute phenibut withdrawal: A comprehensive literature review and illustrative case report. Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. PMID 30501608
    Cited on Phenibut, Stopping phenibut.
38. Observational study, 2019. Characteristics of deaths associated with kratom use. Journal of Psychopharmacology. PMID 31429622
    Cited on Kratom.
39. Case report, 2019. Detoxification of a Patient With Comorbid Dependence on Phenibut and Benzodiazepines by Tapering With Baclofen: Case Report. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. PMID 31433344
    Cited on Stopping phenibut.
40. Animal study, 2019. Gastric pentadecapeptide body protection compound BPC 157 and its role in accelerating musculoskeletal soft tissue healing. Cell and Tissue Research. PMID 30915550
    Cited on BPC-157.
41. Systematic review, 2019. Phenibut (β-Phenyl-γ-Aminobutyric Acid): an Easily Obtainable "Dietary Supplement" With Propensities for Physical Dependence and Addiction. Current Psychiatry Reports. PMID 30852710
    Cited on Phenibut, Stopping phenibut.
42. Poison-centre data, 2018. Characteristics of Tianeptine Exposures Reported to the National Poison Data System — United States, 2000–2017. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. PMID 30070980
    Cited on Tianeptine, Stopping tianeptine.
43. Product analysis, 2017. In vitro metabolism study of a black market product containing SARM LGD-4033. Drug Testing and Analysis. PMID 26767942
    Cited on LGD-4033.
44. Systematic review, 2017. Kreider RB et al. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and efficacy of creatine supplementation in exercise, sport, and medicine. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition. PMID 28615996
    Cited on Creatine.
45. Laboratory study, 2017. Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator RAD140 Inhibits the Growth of Androgen/Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer Models with a Distinct Mechanism of Action. Clinical Cancer Research. PMID 28974548
    Cited on RAD-140.
46. Product analysis, 2017. Van Wagoner RM et al. Chemical Composition and Labeling of Substances Marketed as Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators and Sold via the Internet. JAMA. PMID 29183075
    Cited on Cardarine, LGD-4033, Ostarine, RAD-140.
47. Case report, 2016. Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Following Tianeptine Dependence During Pregnancy. Pediatrics. PMID 26659818
    Cited on Tianeptine.
48. Reference work, 2016. Study Design and Rationale for the Phase 3 Clinical Development Program of Enobosarm, a Selective Androgen Receptor Modulator, for the Prevention and Treatment of Muscle Wasting in Cancer Patients (POWER Trials). Current Oncology Reports. PMID 27138015
    Cited on Ostarine.
49. Reference work, 2014. Metabolic modulators of the exercise response: doping control analysis of an agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (GW501516) and AICAR. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. PMID 25179079
    Cited on Cardarine.
50. Animal study, 2014. Selective androgen receptor modulator RAD140 is neuroprotective in cultured neurons and kainate-lesioned male rats. Endocrinology. PMID 24428527
    Cited on RAD-140.
51. Case report, 2013. Atypical melanocytic naevi following melanotan injection. Irish Medical Journal. PMID 23914578
    Cited on Melanotan II.
52. Randomised trial, 2013. Dobs AS et al. Effects of enobosarm on muscle wasting and physical function in patients with cancer: a double-blind, randomised controlled phase 2 trial. The Lancet Oncology. PMID 23499390
    Cited on Ostarine.
53. Case report, 2013. Phenibut dependence. BMJ Case Reports. PMID 23391959
    Cited on Phenibut.
54. Reference work, 2013. Selective androgen receptor modulators for the prevention and treatment of muscle wasting associated with cancer. Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care. PMID 24189892
    Cited on LGD-4033.
55. Case report, 2012. Dermoscopic changes in melanocytic nevi during use of melanotan II. Der Hautarzt. PMID 23052015
    Cited on Melanotan II.
56. Case report, 2012. Eruptive dysplastic nevi following melanotan use. Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas. PMID 22425244
    Cited on Melanotan II.
57. Case report, 2010. Amitriptyline and tianeptine poisoning treated by naloxone. Human & Experimental Toxicology. PMID 20498036
    Cited on Tianeptine.
58. Case report, 2009. Cardones AR, Grichnik JM. alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone-induced eruptive nevi. Archives of Dermatology. PMID 19380666
    Cited on Melanotan II.
59. Randomised trial, 2008. Growth hormone secretagogue MK-677: no clinical effect on AD progression in a randomized trial. Neurology. PMID 19015485
    Cited on MK-677.
60. Randomised trial, 2008. Nass R et al. Effects of an oral ghrelin mimetic on body composition and clinical outcomes in healthy older adults: a randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine. PMID 18981485
    Cited on MK-677.
61. Reference work, 2007. Evolution of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists. Annals of Pharmacotherapy. PMID 17519293
    Cited on Cardarine.
62. Randomised trial, 2001. Effect of alendronate and MK-677 (a growth hormone secretagogue), individually and in combination, on markers of bone turnover and bone mineral density in postmenopausal osteoporotic women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. PMID 11238495
    Cited on MK-677.
63. Reference work, 2001. Lapin I. Phenibut (beta-phenyl-GABA): a tranquilizer and nootropic drug. CNS Drug Reviews. PMID 11830761
    Cited on Phenibut.
64. Systematic review, 2000. Poortmans JR, Francaux M. Adverse effects of creatine supplementation: fact or fiction? Sports Medicine. PMID 10999421
    Cited on Creatine.
65. Randomised trial, 1999. Oral administration of the growth hormone secretagogue MK-677 increases markers of bone turnover in healthy and functionally impaired elderly adults. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. PMID 10404019
    Cited on MK-677.
66. Controlled trial, 1999. Poortmans JR, Francaux M. Long-term oral creatine supplementation does not impair renal function in healthy athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. PMID 10449011
    Cited on Creatine.
67. Controlled trial, 1997. Copinschi G et al. Prolonged oral treatment with MK-677, a novel growth hormone secretagogue, improves sleep quality in man. Neuroendocrinology. PMID 9349662
    Cited on MK-677.

If a citation here is wrong, misread, or has been superseded, tell us — corrections are published, not quietly edited.